New Partnerships & Projects

Climate Policy Initiative Launched at Duke

A group of wind turbines in the ocean. Text says: Climate dialogue and innovation initiative: Southeast Asia and the world

Duke Sanford received $1 million in funds from HPS Investment Partners and the Kapnick Foundation to establish the Climate Dialogue & Innovation Initiative: Southeast Asia and the World. 

With long coastlines and extensive low-lying areas, Southeast Asia is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather and rising sea levels caused by global warming. By focusing on one of the most vulnerable regions of the world, a primary goal of this initiative will be to identify and showcase promising climate solutions in Southeast Asia – combining innovation and impact, said faculty member and project lead Jonathan Stromseth, who is a foreign policy and development expert and scholar on U.S. Asia policy.

Key activities of the initiative include:

  • Research to identify innovative climate approaches and startups in Southeast Asia.
  • Data visualization and knowledge-sharing products about climate innovations and related financial flows.
  • Innovation awards to climate entrepreneurs, highlighting their work for potential investors.
  • A conference in Singapore to showcase research outcomes and promising innovations.

The Duke Center for International Development (DCID) will implement the initiative in collaboration with research institutions in Singapore and around the region. DCID will also coordinate with Duke Kunshan University and Duke in DC to facilitate exchange and dialogue between climate experts under this project.

Green Upgrading with VinUniversity

Man dressed in a suit, holding a microphone and speaking while standing in front of an audience. ing on

The Duke Center for International Development (DCID) partnered with VinUniversity in fall 2024 to support its Green Upgrading Initiative, an effort to foster sustainable, low-carbon urban development in Vietnam. As part of this collaboration, DCID is providing technical expertise and leading impact evaluation analyses for pilot projects in three urban areas: Nha Trang, Binh Dinh, and Ho Chi Minh City. These projects aim to identify practical pathways for industrial upgrading that align with environmental sustainability and economic growth.

DCID also co-hosted VinUniversity’s 2024 Open Innovation Conference, a flagship event bringing together global and regional leaders in innovation, policy and development. DCID director Edmund Malesky delivered the opening keynote, highlighting the role of data-driven policy and international collaboration in advancing green development strategies.

Making Migration Policy Decisions Amidst Societal Transformations

PACES Project Enters Final Year: A Look at Key Accomplishments and the Path Ahead

PACES. Making migration and migration policy decisions admist societal transformations
As the PACES (Making migration and migration policy decisions amidst social transformations) project enters its final academic year, the consortium has successfully transitioned from a period of intensive, large-scale data collection to a new phase focused on analysis, synthesis and generating impact. Led by the International Institute of Social Studies, the consortium brings together 11 partners and three associated partners, including the Duke Center for International Development. Having completed the vast majority of fieldwork, the team, which includes Senior Fellow Kerilyn Schewel, is now poised to deliver key insights on migration decision-making and governance in its third year.
 
The project's work can be grouped into three main areas, which have yielded a rich collection of data, analyses and innovative engagement activities.
 
1. Unpacking the Assumptions in Migration Policy
A cornerstone of the project involved a deep dive into the "theories of change" that guide migration policy. The team conducted a comparative analysis of over 180 policy documents from Austria, Italy, and the Netherlands, focusing on counter-smuggling, regional reception, and essential worker policies. A key finding is that policy documents are filled with assumptions about migrant behavior, and the use of research evidence is often selective. For instance, knowledge is frequently disregarded in the politicized area of counter-smuggling, while it is often used only symbolically in discussions about reception in the region. This work resulted in a comprehensive dataset and a key working paper, “Between knowledge and assumptions: the migrant in the eyes of the policymaker” published by the International Migration Institute.
 
2. Generating Unprecedented Data on Migrant Decision-Making
Extensive fieldwork was completed in Algeria, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. This includes 214 interviews with residents and 97 focus group discussions exploring how social change and life-course factors shape desires to stay or migrate. Additionally, innovative "labs-in-the-field" experiments were conducted with over 1,800 participants in Ethiopia and Nigeria to understand how social norms affect migration aspirations.
 
The project also gathered rich data on how decisions evolve along the migration journey. A longitudinal survey was implemented with over 1,500 migrants in Italy, Tunisia, and Niger, providing insights into changing intentions over time despite significant operational challenges. Over 100 qualitative interviews were conducted with Nigerian and other African migrants in Italy, Spain, and Slovakia to understand how welfare and policy environments shape their decisions. A global quantitative analysis discovered differences between "welfare generosity" and "welfare access" as distinct drivers of migration flows, finding that access significantly influences inflows while generosity may facilitate return mobility.
 
3. Pioneering New Forms of Engagement and Dialogue
PACES has successfully piloted co-participatory activities to bridge the gap between research and public understanding. Workshops with university students from diverse fields like design, development studies, and political science have been used to co-create alternative migration narratives and challenge stereotypes. One participant reflected, “The main message that stuck with me was the multi-faceted character of mobility. With the role play, it was easy to see how so many actors can influence mobility governance.”
 
The project also launched its Policy Innovation Lab to create a space for dialogue between researchers, policymakers, and civil society. This platform will use roundtables and workshops to ensure PACES research informs real-world policy needs.

Outlook for the Final Year: Analysis, Synthesis, and Impact

In the coming year, the PACES consortium will focus on analyzing its rich datasets to identify connections, make comparisons across different contexts, and consolidate the project's main scientific and policy contributions. 
 
Key activities will include:
  • Publishing a series of comparative papers and policy briefs that synthesize findings from the multi-country fieldwork.
  • Hosting a series of events through the Policy Innovation Lab to engage stakeholders from EU institutions and Member States.
  • Continuing to disseminate findings through the PACES Working Paper series, academic conferences, and collaborations with partner institutions like the ITCILO Labour Migration Academy.

The project is well-positioned to make a significant impact by providing evidence-based insights and fostering constructive dialogue in these turbulent times.

EGAP 2026

E G A P

DCID will host the annual Evidence in Governance and Politics (EGAP) meeting at the Duke Sanford School of Public Policy in May 2026. The two-day event will bring together researchers and practitioners to share and discuss cutting-edge research designs and papers, as well as forge researcher-practitioner partnerships to address pressing development questions.

EGAP is a global research, evaluation and learning network that promotes rigorous knowledge accumulation, innovation, and evidence-based policy in various governance and accountability domains. 

Select Publications by Scholar

Lobell, S. E., James, P., Silverstone, S. A., Asal, V., Beardsley, K., Gonzalez, E., & Ripsman, N. M. (2025). Understanding Near Crises and Escalation in World Politics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003611271 

Chen, C., Beardsley, K., & Weidmann, N. B. (2025). The grass is always greener on the other side: Transnational ethnic inequality and ethno-nationalist conflict. Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433251317102

Beardsley, K. (2024). The Coevolution of Networks of Interstate Support, Interstate Threat, and Civil War. Journal of Politics, 86(4), 1418–1430. https://doi.org/10.1086/729940 

Ewing, J., & Newman, T. (2025). The Energy Transition Accelerator as a Vehicle for Low-Carbon Development Capital: Opportunities, Challenges, and Uncertainties. The Energy Transition Accelerator as a Vehicle for Low-Carbon Development Capital: Opportunities, Challenges, and Uncertainties. Durham, NC: Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability.

Ross, M., Ewing, J., Murray, B., Profeta, T., Stout, R., & Yoo, M. (2024). Planning for Growing Electricity Demand During an Era of Uncertain Renewables and Climate Policy. Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability.

Zembilci, E., & Ewing, J. (2024). Energy Transitions at a Crossroads: Balancing Growth, Decarbonization, and Development. Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability.

Agüero, J. M., Field, E., Hurtado, I. R., & Romero, J. (2024). COVID-19, Job Loss, and Intimate Partner Violence in Peru. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 73(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/727536

Agte, P., Bernhardt, A., Field, E., Pande, R., & Rigol, N. (2024). Investing in the Next Generation: The Long-Run Impacts of a Liquidity Shock. American Economic Review, 114(9), 2792–2824. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20220296

Maffioli, E. M., Zaw, N. T., & Field, E. (2024). A comparison between different models of delivering maternal cash transfers in Myanmar. Health Policy and Planning, 39(7), 674–682. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czae048 

Gereffi, Gary, Pavida Pananond, Fredrik Tell, and Fang, Tony, eds. “Industrial Policy and Global Value Chains in an Era of Disruptions.” Journal of International Business Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, September 4, 2025.

Benka-Coker, M., M. L. Clark, M. Jeuland, W. Tadele, F. Rick, R. Ruhinduka, H. Miller, H. Stokes, and A. Quinn. “An implementation science analysis of an ethanol cooking fuel promotion project in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Accepted).” Energy for Sustainable Development 89 (December 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101869.

Phillips, Jonathan, Abdoulaye Cissé, Marc Jeuland, Megan Elizabeth Lang, Jean Nahrae Lee, Ryan McCord, Robyn Meeks, et al. “Incentivizing Grid Reliability: A Framework for Performance-Linked Electricity Improvements in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Incentivizing Grid Reliability: A Framework for Performance-Linked Electricity Improvements in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Durham, NC: Nicholas Institute; James E. Rogers Energy Access Project, October 6, 2025.

Das, I., Galeos, S. K. D., Xue, Y., Zong, J., Lewis, J. J., Fujita-Conrads, R., … Jeuland, M. (2025). The Costs and Benefits of Clean Cooking Policies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Under Real-World Conditions. Sustainable Development, 33(4), 6108–6123. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3463 

Qu, W., Ruhinduka, R., Clark, M. L., Benka-Coker, M., Quinn, A., Stokes, H., … Jeuland, M. (2025). The use and impacts of an ethanol cooking fuel promotion pilot in Dar es Salaam. Energy for Sustainable Development, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101692

Meles, T. H., Mekonnen, A., Jeuland, M., Beyene, A. D., Klug, T., Hassen, S., … Pattanayak, S. K. (2025). Does the payment vehicle matter for valuing improved electricity reliability? A discrete choice experiment in Ethiopia. Utilities Policy, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2025.101893

Krishnapriya, P. P., Jeuland, M., Orgill-Meyer, J., & Pattanayak, S. K. (2024). Gendered demand for environmental health technologies: Evidence of complementarities from stove auctions in India. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2024.102295 

Bensch, G., Jeuland, M., Lenz, L., & Ndiaye, O. (2024). A bridge to clean cooking? The cost-effectiveness of energy-efficient biomass stoves in rural Senegal. Energy Economics, 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107974

Bekele, R. D., Mekonnen, D., Ringler, C., & Jeuland, M. (2024). Irrigation technologies and management and their environmental consequences: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109003 

Krishna, A., Kambewa, D., Tchuwa, F., Kasonga, F., & Higdon, P. (2025). What do communities feel about community-driven development? Learning from investigations in rural Malawi. World Development Perspectives, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100692

Philipsen, D., & Krishna, A. (2025). Poverty is not Permanent. (S. Haselby, Ed.), Aeon. Aeon.

Krishna, A., & Kumar, S. (2024). Social Mobility and Opportunity in India: A Review of the Academic Literature. Economic and Political Weekly, 59(51), 42–57.

Bowles, J., K. Croke, H. Larreguy, S. Liu, and J. Marshall. “Sustaining Exposure to Fact-Checks: Misinformation Discernment, Media Consumption, and Its Political Implications.” American Political Science Review 119, no. 4 (November 1, 2025): 1864–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055424001394. 

Liu, S. X. (2025). From Politicization to Vigilance: The Post-war Legacies of Wartime Victimization. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 69(5), 868–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027241268533

Bowles, J., Croke, K., Larreguy, H., Liu, S., & Marshall, J. (2025). Sustaining Exposure to Fact-Checks: Misinformation Discernment, Media Consumption, and Its Political Implications. American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055424001394

Liu, S. (2024). Coercive Legacies: From Rebel Governance to Authoritarian Control. Journal of Politics, 86(4), 1129–1145. https://doi.org/10.1086/729947 

Malesky, E., Nguyen, T. A., Dung, H. P., Tien, K. D., & Nguyen, K. N. (2025). Civic Education and Voting under Authoritarianism: A Field Experiment during the 2021 Vietnamese National Assembly Election (Accepted). The Journal of Politics. 
 
Bonifai, N. W., E. J. Malesky, and N. Rudra. “Economic risk perceptions and willingness to learn about globalization: A field experiment with migrants and other underprivileged groups in Vietnam.” American Journal of Political Science 69, no. 4 (October 1, 2025): 1435–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12925.
 
Leventoğlu, B., Malesky, E. J., & Wen, T. (2025). Synthesizing Theories of Authoritarian Elections: A Game-Free Analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 58(11), 2359–2400. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140241302708
 
 
CECODES, RTA and UNDP (2025). The 2024 Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI 2024): Measuring Citizens’ Experiences. A Joint Policy Research Paper by the Centre for Community Support and Development Studies (CECODES), Real-Time Analytics (RTA), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
 
Bonifai, Niccolò W., Edmund J. Malesky, and Nita Rudra. 2024. “Economic risk perceptions and willingness to learn about globalization: A field experiment with migrants and other underprivileged groups in Vietnam.” American Journal of Political Science 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12925

Shartle, K., J. E. Lansford, M. Vera-Hernández, A. Mukherji, M. Mohanan, and J. Maselko. “Beyond the individual: Household activity of daily living limitations, urban-rural residence, and mental health (Accepted).” Ssm Mental Health 8 (December 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100547.

Wagner, Zachary, Manoj Mohanan, Arnab Mukherji, Rushil Zutshi, Sumeet Patil, Jagadish Krishnappa, Somalee Banerjee, and Neeraj Sood. “Investigating the know-do gap in antibiotics prescribing: Experimental evidence from India.” Science Advances 11, no. 37 (September 2025): eady9868. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady9868.

Balsari, S., & Mohanan, M. (2024). Local government actions can curb air pollution in India and Pakistan. Nature, 634(8036), 1055–1056. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-03314-4

Maselko, J., Shartle, K., Lansford, J. E., Collins, A., Mukherji, A., Vera-Hernández, M., & Mohanan, M. (2024). The changing association between pandemic-related stressors and child and adolescent mental health during the waning phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25843. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77411-9 

Blair, R. A., and E. Mvukiyehe. “Public Works and Intimate Partner Violence: Experimental Evidence on Women’s Economic Empowerment in Egypt and Tunisia.” British Journal of Political Science 55 (November 6, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123425100902. 

Brandily, P., Mvukiyehe, E., Smets, L., Van Der Windt, P., & Verpoorten, M. (2025). From Workfare to Economic and Sociopolitical Stability? Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Eastern Congo. World Bank Economic Review, 39(3), 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhae043 

Mvukiyehe, E. (2025). Trustworthy Media and Gender Gaps in Political Participation after Civil War: Experimental Evidence from Rural Liberia. British Journal of Political Science, 55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123424001066

Quattrochi, J. P., Croke, K., Dohou, C., Ghib, L. S., Lokaya, Y., Coville, A., & Mvukiyehe, E. (2025). Effects of a community-driven water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on diarrhea, child growth, and local institutions: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Medicine, 22(3), e1004524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004524

Leight, J., & Mvukiyehe, E. (2025). Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Cash for Work: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Tunisia. Journal of Development Studies, 61(6), 989–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2025.2451875

Bagga, A., Holmlund, M., Khan, N., Mani, S., Mvukiyehe, E., & Premand, P. (2024). Do Public Works Programs Have Sustained Impacts? A Review of Experimental Studies from LMICs. The World Bank Research Observer. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkae011 

Meles, T. H., Mekonnen, A., Jeuland, M., Beyene, A. D., Klug, T., Hassen, S., … Pattanayak, S. K. (2025). Does the payment vehicle matter for valuing improved electricity reliability? A discrete choice experiment in Ethiopia. Utilities Policy, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2025.101893

Krishnapriya, P. P., Jeuland, M., Orgill-Meyer, J., & Pattanayak, S. K. (2024). Gendered demand for environmental health technologies: Evidence of complementarities from stove auctions in India. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2024.102295

Carr-Wilson, S., Pattanayak, S. K., & Weinthal, E. (2024). Critical mineral mining in the energy transition: A systematic review of environmental, social, and governance risks and opportunities. Energy Research and Social Science, 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103672

Schaub, S., A. Pfaff, and P. Bonev. “Biodiversity and the design of result-based payments: Evidence from Germany.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 134 (November 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103247. 

Velez, M. A., Rueda, X., Henao, J. P., Monroy, D., Tobin, D., Maldonado, J., & Pfaff, A. (2025). Small-scale gold miners’ preferences on formalization: First steps toward sustainable supply chains in Colombia. World Development, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106899

Balmford, A., Ball, T. S., Balmford, B., Bateman, I. J., Buchanan, G., Cerullo, G., … Williams, D. R. (2025). Time to fix the biodiversity leak. Science (New York, N.Y.), 387(6735), 720–722. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv8264 

Rico-Straffon, J., Wang, Z., Loucks, C. J., & Pfaff, A. (2025). When do extraction rights help forests? Robustness and heterogeneity for linked interventions in the Peruvian Amazon. Conservation Science and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70081

Schewel, K. (2025). Moved by Modernity: How Development Shapes Migration in Rural Ethiopia. Oxford University Press.

Ingrid Boas et al (2025, September). Climate-induced redistribution of people is not migration as we know it. Environmental Research Letters, 20(10), 101001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adfdfd 

LaFave, D., Peet, E., & Thomas, D. (2025). Farm profits, prices and household behavior. Journal of Development Economics, 174, 103423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103423

Zhang, Y. S., Frankenberg, E., & Thomas, D. (2025). Education and Adult Cognition in a Low-Income Setting: Differences among Adult Siblings. Journal of Human Capital. https://doi.org/10.1086/734385 

Mao, W., Hodges, E. U., Zimmerman, A., Ortiz, E. J., Kilburn, K., Silimperi, D., & Udayakumar, K. (2025). Development, launch, and scale-up of health products in low-income and middle-income countries: a retrospective analysis on 59 health products. The Lancet. Global Health, 13(6), e1132–e1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00062-2 

Goldmann, D., Rajan, S., & Udayakumar, K. (2024). Preventing and Controlling Global Antimicrobial Resistance - Implementing a Whole-System Approach. The New England Journal of Medicine, 391(8), 681–685. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2401360 

Gao, X., Reich, P. B., Vincent, J. R., Fagan, M. E., Chazdon, R. L., Fritz, S., … Wang, D. (2025). The importance of distinguishing between natural and managed tree cover gains in the moist tropics. Nature Communications, 16(1), 6092. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59196-1 

Carr-Wilson, S., Pattanayak, S. K., & Weinthal, E. (2024). Critical mineral mining in the energy transition: A systematic review of environmental, social, and governance risks and opportunities. Energy Research and Social Science, 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103672 

Lange, M. C., R. Li, J. W. Apolzan, P. R. Huber, E. Steliotes, K. Robertson, N. L. W. Wilson, et al. “Ontologies relevant for improving data interoperability for food loss and waste: A review and research agenda (Accepted).” Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 19 (December 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100330.

Wood, A., J. Daly, J. Folger, R. Xie, and N. L. W. Wilson. “Cultivating an ethos of “everyday convergence”: insights from the Multiscale RECIPES Network for food waste reduction (Accepted).” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05905-6.

Fretes, G., Wilson, N. L. W., Corvalan, C., Economos, C. D., & Cash, S. B. (2025). Front-of-pack labels and young consumers: An experimental investigation of nutrition and sustainability claims in Chile. Food Quality and Preference, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105432

Muhammad, A., E. López Barrera, and N. L. W. Wilson. “Global Food Demand: Overcoming Challenges to Healthy and Sustainable Diets.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 17, no. 1 (October 6, 2025): 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-112923-040421.

Ashton, W. S., Sungu, A., Davis, L., Agarwalla, V., Burke, M., Benavides, E. D., … Wilson, N. L. W. (2024). Whither convergence? Co-designing convergent research and wrestling with its emergent tensions. Ecology and Society, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-15319-290426 

Chen, R., Adu, D. T., Li, W., & Wilson, N. L. W. (2024). Virtual water trade: Does bilateral tariff matter? Ecological Economics, 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108216 

Ogbuoji, Osondu, Ipchita Bharali, Justice Nonvignon, and Gavin Yamey. “How can middle-income countries successfully transition away from international health aid?” PLoS Medicine 22, no. 11 (November 2025): e1004794. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004794. 

Fawole, A., Boyer, B., Shahid, M., Bharali, I., McAdams, D., & Yamey, G. (2025). What are the key features of an equitable global vaccine strategy for the next pandemic? A qualitative study of pandemic control experts. Vaccine, 61, 127377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127377 

Norheim, O. F., Chang, A. Y., Bolongaita, S., Barraza-Lloréns, M., Fawole, A., Gebremedhin, L. T., … Peto, R. (2024). Halving premature death and improving quality of life at all ages: cross-country analyses of past trends and future directions. Lancet (London, England), 404(10470), 2437–2446. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02417-6

Jamison, D. T., Summers, L. H., Chang, A. Y., Karlsson, O., Mao, W., Norheim, O. F., … Yamey, G. (2024). Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century. Lancet (London, England), 404(10462), 1561–1614. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01439-9 

Yamey, G., & Machingaidze, S. (2024). Lenacapavir: a giant step forward in HIV prevention-but a missed opportunity for achieving equity and access. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 387, q2254. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q2254